Suez Canal Crisis of 1956 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Suez Canal Crisis of 1956 - Essay Example To attempt development Ferdinand de Lesseps made an organization with Egyptian accomplices known as the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company. At the time the Ottoman Empire had impact and power over Egypt’s governmental issues. The monetary emergency constrained Egypt’s ruler to sell his portions of the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company to England. Britain currently had impressive offer in the activity of the trench alongside French financial specialists, while Egypt lost authority over the channel and its benefits. The period saw incredible unrest and the wars made the potential and key significance of the channel clear to all powers. The British Imperial Empire had settlements over the world and the trench end up being basic for exchange. In 1882 Egypt was attacked by the British and the nation was named an essential ownership of the British Empire. The waterway turned into a super parkway for the British to connect its exchange to its settlements in East Africa, India, and Australia. Egyptian renegade gatherings attempted to push British Colonial Empire however were not fruitful. 2. Debilitating of the British Colonial Empire After the World War II, the British Empire confronted financial challenges to keep up its pilgrim realm. The Indian subcontinent was left after the war and the British powers were debilitated. The time saw an uprising among the Egyptians to eliminate the British from the nation. The British kept up nearness of a battalion at Suez to secure her key advantages. The British were permitted to keep up nearness of 10,000 soldiers based on Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 (Tucker 107). In any case, Egyptian dissident gatherings began picking up ubiquity of the majority and constrain expanded over Britain to empty the region. The occasions at last prompted an upset in 1952 and completed sovereignty in the nation. Egypt was made a republic by the key individual from the upset and the new leader of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser. 3. Nationalization of Suez Canal Gamal Abdel Nasser was the second leader of Egypt and accumulated help against the colonialist. He moved collaboration of Egypt towards the So viets and the activities were against the two super powers of the time, the British and the French. He was seen as an incredible danger by the two powers. At the time the US had less impact in the Middle East. Its principle partner in the locale was Saudi Arabia. Gamal Abdel Nasser moved towards Saudi Arabia for its future ties and the US saw a chance to build impact in the area. The greatest advance that Gamal took against the British and the French was maybe the nationalization of the Suez Canal on 26 July 1956 (Witte 51). This progression was the premise of this emergency. The British and the French militaries were depleted and their economies were at a low stage. Gamal assumed control over the Suez Canal without shooting a solitary shot and the Suez Canal went under Egypt. He dropped the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 and constrained the British to abandon the waterway inside the following 20 months (Tucker 107). This was an unexpected move by the military and the British powers were not allowed to respond. The Suez Canal Company was solidified and every one of its investors were given the offer. 4. Development of Egyptian Army Foreseeing the dangers, Gamal utilized his recently evolved relations to develop his military on present day weapons through an arms manage Czechoslovakia (DeRouen and Heo 346). These weapons were from the Soviets and the two nations turned out to be close partners. The Soviets furnished Egypt with present day tanks and its aviation based armed forces with warriors and planes. Ordnance firearms were given to Egypt and Self Propelled Artillery pieces were acquired from the Soviets to move alongside the tanks in the desert

Greek Mythology The Muses Free Essays

Greek Mythology The Muses Sister Goddesses, The Muses, were accountable for the universe of Literature, Art, and Society. The Nine Daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne; they offered motivation to craftsman, authors and other creatively skilled individuals. â€Å"The Nine Muses have been moving specialists since the artifact and there innumerable works of art, drawings, structures, sonnets and sculptures devoted to them. We will compose a custom article test on Greek Mythology: The Muses or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now All specialists of the Renaissance recognized their significance in masterful creation, committing their attempts to the Muses. †[1] The quantity of Muses shifts after some time. From the start just one Muse was talked about yet later writers notice three: Melete (Practice, Study), Mneme (Memory), and Aoede (Song). They were fairies in Pieria, which is found in western Thrace, and their religion was brought to Mount Helicon in Boeotia by the Aloads. Inevitably it became acknowledged that there were nine dreams: Calliope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia, and Urania. The Muse Clio found history and guitar. History was named Clio in the old years, since it alludes to â€Å"Kleos† the Greek word for the gallant demonstrations. Clio was constantly spoken to with a clarion in the correct arm and a book in the left hand. Dream Euterpe found a few instruments, courses and argument. She was constantly delineated holding a woodwind, while numerous instruments were consistently around her. Dream Thalia was the defender of satire; she found parody, geometry, structural science and agribusiness. She was additionally defender of Symposiums. She was constantly delineated holding a dramatic †parody veil. Inverse from Thalia, Muse Melpomene was the defender of Tragedy; she developed catastrophe, talk discourse and Melos. She was portrayed holding a disaster cover and normally bearing a bat. Terpsichore was the defender of move; she imagined moves, the harp and instruction. She was called Terpsichore since she was getting a charge out of and playing around with moving ( â€Å"Terpo† in Greek alludes to be diverted). She was delineated wearing shrubs on her head, holding a harp and moving. Dream Erato was the defender of Love and Love Poetry †just as wedding. Her name originates from the Greek word â€Å"Eros† that alludes to the sentiment of becoming hopelessly enamored. She was delineated holding a lyre and love bolts and retires from. Dream Polymnia was the defender of the perfect songs and copy craftsmanship; she designed geometry and sentence structure. She was portrayed admiring the Sky, holding a lyre. Dream Ourania was the defender of the divine articles and stars; she designed space science. She was constantly portrayed bearing stars, a divine circle and a bow compass. Dream Calliope was the predominant Muse. She was going with lords and sovereigns so as to force equity and peacefulness. She was the defender of gallant sonnets and talk workmanship. As indicated by the legend, Homer asks from Calliope to rouse him while composing Iliad and Odyssey, and, along these lines, Calliope is delineated holding trees in a single hand and the two Homeric sonnets in the other hand. The old author Hesiod said of them, â€Å"They are every one of one psyche, their hearts are liberated upon melody and their soul is from care. He is cheerful whom the Muses love. For however a man has distress and anguish in his spirit, yet when the worker of the Muses sings, on the double he overlooks his dull considerations and recollects not his difficulties. Such is the blessed endowment of the Muses to men. â€Å"[2] The Myth â€Å"[The Muses] are every one of one brain, their hearts are liberated upon melody and their soul is from care. He is upbeat whom the Muses love. For however a man has distress and despondency in his spirit, yet when the hireling of the Muses sings, on the double he overlooks his dull contemplations and recalls not his difficulties. Such is the heavenly endowment of the Muses to men. † ~Hesiod~[3] Ancient Greek legend discloses to us that Pegasus frequently meandered, halting to lay on Mt. Olympus. At some point, when his feet contacted the ground on Mount Helicon, four sacrosanct springs of water framed and from these springs the Muses (goddesses of motivation) were conceived. The Muses were the nine wonderful picked goddesses that ruled over the human sciences and sciences, particularly music, verse, and the entirety of the visual expressions. Athena got and restrained the wild Pegasus and mercifully introduced him to the Muses. One day the dreams started to sing on Mt. Helicon. The mountain, so loaded up with bliss, it rose to the sky until Pegasus, under Poseidon’s order, kicked his foot, halting the mountain’s upward advancement. A wellspring of water spouted forward called the Fountain of Hippocrene. The wellspring was sacrosanct to the Muses and is accepted to be the wellspring of music and beautiful motivation. As indicated by legend, the introduction of both wine and craftsmanship happened when Pegasus’ hooves released the hallowed spring of the Muses. [4] Norn’s [5] The Goddesses of Destiny In Norse folklore, the Norn’s are the demi-goddesses of fate. They control the predeterminations of the two divine beings and men, just as the constant laws of the universe. They are spoken to as three sisters: Urd (â€Å"fate†), Verdandi (â€Å"necessity†) and Skuld (â€Å"being†). They live at the base of the World Tree Yggdrasil in the domain of Asgard. Nothing keeps going forever, and even the relentless Yggdrasil is liable to rot. The Norn’s attempt to stop this procedure, or if nothing else back it off, by pouring mud and water from the Well of Fate over its branches. This enchanted fluid stops the spoiling procedure until further notice. In different legends, the Norn’s were thought to give help during childbirth, and that every individual has his very own Norn. [6] Step by step instructions to refer to Greek Mythology: The Muses, Papers

MIT and the SAA

MIT and the SAA I woke up at 8 this morning after passing out on my computer around 4 AM. Since I have the worst luck in the world, I had a serious case of KeyboardFaceâ„¢. It youre not sure what KeyboardFaceâ„¢ is, its exactly what it sounds like. Clearly MIT is refusing to let me graduate without a few last hard kicks in the face. (Remind me to tell you about how I failed my swim test last month.) This morning was out of the ordinary, though, because my KeyboardFaceâ„¢ wasnt caused by one big epic scientific fail for once. If youre anything like I was before I left my soul behind and enrolled at MIT, youre probably really into art. Youre probably a huge nerd with a love of all things scientific, too, or you probably wouldnt have applied to MIT in the first place. And now that youre in and youve sent off your reply card (send off your reply card and come here, by the way, mmmk?), youre steeling yourself to leave all your cameras and sketchbooks and paints behind and to dive headlong into four years of SCIENCE SCIENCE SCIENCE. Abandon all art, ye who enter here. False. There are organizations all over campus specifically so that you dont have to do this. If arts an important part of your life now, it can be an important part of your life at MIT. And if art isnt already a part of your life, but youve always wanted to change that, were still here for you too. That said, lets talk about the SAA for a bit. The Student Art Association is one of my favorite things about MIT. Students and members of the MIT community can take classes in ceramics, photography, life drawing, sculpture, and about eleventy million other areas. Classes are offered at every level, so you can get in on the action even if you think that throwing a pot can be classified as violent assault. Students even get a discount on the classes, so a life drawing class that might be over $200 elsewhere in Boston will cost you $85. You cant beat that. Really. You cant. Whats particularly awesome about the SAA is that the things you so there arent just an escape from the stress of classes and, well, life. Almost all of them teach you something that you can take and apply to your work. My experiences in the darkroom have carried over to lab classes in my major; sometimes, you wont get the result you want on your first try, but you have to have the patience to look at what youve done and figure out what it means and how to change it if necessary. Wait, am I talking about brains or pictures? IM SO TIRED. I took a Color Photo class through the SAA last term. Their darkroom is one of the only ones equipped for color film processing and printing, and they have one of the few color enlargers in New England that takes 810 negatives. Its huge. Its scary. Its awesome. Biyeun has blogged about the SAA before, so some of this might sound familiar, but its always nice to be reminded that theres more to MIT than science and engineering. Dont forget about art once you come here. Theres no excuse for it. And if I havent convinced you, maybe this video will. Welcome to the SAA: PATD 2010 on Vimeo.

Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites For Optimum Mechanical...

vdsaritabhutada@gmail.comComparative Study of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites for Optimum Mechanical Properties 1P.Kanagaraj , 2T. Ravi 1,2 Assistant Professor Mechanical Department 1,2 SVS College of Engineering , Coimbatore Email Id : kanaguhari@gmail.com, travisvsec@gmail.com ABSTRACT The recent study of metal matrix composite mainly deals with the aluminum based composites with the reinforcement of particulates of silicon carbide and aluminum based composites with the reinforcement of particulates of graphite which will be function as solid lubricant. In this paper, two sets of composites has been prepared. One composite consists of Aluminium with graphite and silicon carbide particles and the other composite consists of Aluminium with alumina and Graphite. The composited has been prepared by stir casting method and both the samples tested for the mechanical properties. The mechanical properties were compared for both the composites and validated. The microstructure of the both composites were examined using Scanning Electron microscope (SEM). INTRODUCTION The latest development of advanced materials focuses on the light weight with less cost products to meet the required function with the required increase in demand. To achieve this, Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) are mostly preferable since having excellent mechanical and wear resistance properties. In this project, Particulate-reinforced hybrid composites are used because of lesser cost than theShow MoreRelatedA Gaseous Substance1505 Words   |  7 PagesThis makes coating small or deep cavities difficult and therefore other deposition techniques must be used.12,16 An overview of these and additional surface processing techniques is given in Figure 4.5. Many techniques exist to affect the surface properties of materials without altering chemical composition, referred to as surface hardening. Commonly this is done by flame hardening, induction hardening and shot peening. Additionally, surfaces can be hardened by heating the component in an atmosphereRead MoreFriction Stir Welding And Artificial Neural Networks8074 Words   |  33 Pagesaim is to combine these two approaches to get some important results. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a novel method of joining materials in solid state. It was invented by the Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991. It was initially applied for joining aluminium and later expanded its domain for joining similar and dissimilar alloys. Basically in FSW a specially designed rotating cylindrical tool that comprises of shoulder and pin is used. The pin of the rotating tool is plunged into the sheet material andRead MoreHypo Sludge9275 Words   |  38 PagesEXPERIMENTAL STUDY 47 LIST OF TABLES TABLE No. | TITLE | 1 | Classes of Aggregates | 2 | Composition of Portland cement with chemical composition and weight percentage | 3 | A table of admixtures and their functions | 4 | Properties of Raw Hypo Sludge | 5 | Properties of Hypo Sludge as Cement Ingredient | 6 | Comparison of Cement and Hypo Sludge | 7 | Number of Specimens Tested for Compression | 8 | Number of Test Specimens for Flexural Strength Test At 14 Days Curing Period | LIST OF FIGURESRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesModelling approaches – 1 14.1 Learning objectives 14.2 Introduction 14.3 Cost–volume–profit analysis 14.4 Investment appraisal 14.5 Summary 15 Modelling approaches – 2 15.1 Learning objectives 15.2 Introduction 15.3 Allowing for risk and uncertainty 15.4 Matrix models 15.5 The marketing performance assessment model 15.6 Some other approaches to modelling 15.7 Summary Stage Five: How can we ensure arrival? Strategic implementation and control 16 Problems to overcome 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagespharmaceutical industry is characterised by a highly risky and lengthy RD process, intense competition for intellectual property, stringent government regulation and powerful purchaser pressures. How has this unusual picture come about? The origins of the modern pharmaceutical industry can be traced to the late nineteenth century, when dyestuffs were found to have antiseptic properties. Penicillin was a major discovery, and during the 1940s and 1950s RD became ï ¬ rmly 1 ‘IMS Health forecasts 5 to

Conflict Theory Conflict Criminology, And Sociology

Conflict Criminology and Sociology Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher and revolutionary socialist. His works, such as the Communist Manifesto, laid the foundation for what is known as conflict theory. According to this theory, it is viewed that criminal behavior is the result of interpersonal and human conflict (Siegel, 2015). In the book, Using Conflict Theory, the authors, Otomar Wehr (2002), describe conflict as â€Å"any behavior that helps the party to achieve its goal that is incompatible with that of the opponent or that expresses its hostility toward him or her† (Otomar Wehr, 2002). In the 1960s, criminologists began to study the social conditions of the U.S. which promoted class conflict and crime. This paper will†¦show more content†¦He also believed that crime was prosperous not only among the lower-class, but also the middle and upper class as well, and those belonging to the middle and upper-class often receive less severe punishments. For example, white-collar criminals who commit crimes, which cost society huge sums of money, will receive a lenient punishment, whereas, lower-class criminals who commit crimes out of economic necessity, and only cost society small sums of money, will receive a strict punishment. This especially happens if the lower-class offender lacks social and economic power (Siegel, 2015). â€Å"Crime is a political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor† (Siegel, 2015), because anyone with political power controls the definition of crime and how our criminal justice system enforces the law. Therefore, criminal law, behaviors, and disciplinary responses to crime are shaped, in part, by the inequality of society. Two other sociological schools of crime causation are left realism and critical feminism. According to British scholars, John Lea and Jock Young, critical theory, also known as left realism, believe that â€Å"relative deprivation equals discontent, discontent plus lack of political solution equals crime† (Siegel, 2015). Left realists see crime as a result of economic equality,Show MoreRelatedThe Marxist Approach On Understanding And Explaining Crime744 Words   |  3 Pagesexplaining crime’ Why did you choose this topic? I was first originally pressed to this topic not only because am I completing a bachelor of social science to major in criminology but I am also completing a major in sociology. So far in sociology we have learnt about Karl Marx and his contributions to sociology including the theories of dialectical materialism and alienation. Alongside Emilie Durkheim and Max Weber, Marx is perceived as one of the three creators of the social sciences. When exploringRead MoreThe Development of the Chicago Schools1684 Words   |  7 Pageshave shaped our understanding of crime in the 21st century. Firstly by introducing the Chicago School theory, also known as the, Theory of Social Disorganisation and the Ecological School Theory. The University of Chicago formed a department of Sociology in 1892 its focus related to issues in Criminology and Sociology, with interests in and towards Social Psychology along with Urban Sociology. The main focus of the Chicago school was that human behaviour was both formed and shaped by the environmentRead MoreCrime and Punishment Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pagesand criminological terms could define the word crime for the varying content in which an act is categorised. Due to the broad spectrum surrounding crime, differing understandings about human subjects and premises lead to the development of several theories, assumptions and forms of criminal law. Michael and Adler (1933:2) are often cited as an example of the legal description of crime: â€Å"the most precise and least ambiguous definition of crime is that which defines it as behaviour which is often prohibitedRead MoreConflict and Labeling Theory Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesConflict and Labeling Theory Labeling theory is concerned less with that causes the onset of an initial delinquent act and more with the effect that official handling by police, courts, and correctional agencies has on the future of youths who fall into the court system. Labeling theory states that youths violate the law for a number of reasons; these reasons are poor family relationships, neighborhood conflict, peer pressure, psychological and biological abnormality and delinquent learning experiencesRead MoreFuture of Criminology1590 Words   |  7 PagesThe future of Criminology etc. Criminology is, as John Lea (1998) points out, not so much a discipline as a field, its distinctiveness is not its knowledge base but the form of its focus: theories of crime, criminal law and the relation between the two - in this it is a sub-category of the sociology of deviance. It can, and never should be, conceived of as a separate discipline, its categories and processes are social constructs, they have no separate ontological reality. It cannot, thereforeRead MoreThe General Strain Theory Of Criminology Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesStrain Theory of criminology, it is important to, first of all, understand the meaning of the term criminology. Criminology, as defined by the two social theorists, Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham of Italy and England respectively in their classical school of criminology, is the scientific study of crime, its causes, law enforcement as well as prevention measures taken to curb and control the crime in this case. Despite the fact that criminolo gy has lots of fields including sociology, economicsRead More4.Sociology Is The Study Of Society Using Empirical Investigation,1072 Words   |  5 Pages4. Sociology is the study of society using empirical investigation, data analysis, and assessment of theory to explore social life. It is also the study of societies influence on a person and the world around them. Sociology is one of the social sciences – disciplines that examine the human or social world. In summary, sociology is the study of human groups and societies, giving emphasis to analysis of the cultures and subcultures of the industrialized world. There are many social factors to sociologyRead MoreEssay on Control theory, Anomie theory and Strain theory 1444 Words   |  6 Pages Control theory, Anomie theory and Strain theory provide very different explanations of why people commit crimes based upon assumptions about how humans function. Control theory suggests that humans are naturally drawn to breaking the law. Humans are driven to fulfill their needs and desires. Crime provides one method by which humans can reach their goals. Control theorists would thus ask why everyone does not turn to crime to meet their wants and needs. The question shifts from the typical why doRead MoreA Critical Comparison Of Marxist Theory And Merton’S Strain1530 Words   |  7 Pages  A Critical Comparison of Marxist Theory and Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance. Introduction: This particular work will consist of a critical theoretical review and a comparative analysis on two criminological theories. For the comparison I have chosen Marx’s theory of crime and Merton’s strain theory of deviance. My critical comparison analysis will emphasise the central concepts and arguments within both theories and how each theory explains crime. The analysis will then explore modern dayRead MoreTheory Of Peacemaking Criminology1732 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the criminology discipline in the late 20th century. As this segment progress, the readers will become acquainted with the historical background of peacemaking, proponents of the theory, and explanations as to what is peacemaking, expanding on restorative justice, a form of peacemaking criminology and finally conclude this section with critiques and discussion on peacemaking criminology as discussed during the class presentation. Peacemaking criminology grew out of the conflict and radical

How Science And Religion Dynamically Work - 852 Words

â€Å"Please God, take anything, take my life, but don’t take Yourself away from me, don’t tell me I haven’t known You at all.† What happens when science and religion clash in a fiery battle of interpretations? In Waking Life Sister John suffers an internal battle between fact and faith, and attempts to discern between a powerful religious experience and the mere side effects of an epileptic disorder. However, instead of separating the two, she mediates by allowing â€Å"science† to deny her of what she had been experiencing without giving up her faith in God. In this essay, I will take a stance that explains how science and religion dynamically work, but at the same time question why science has the power to deny religious experiences. What about science nulls these religious experiences that appear so real to the individuals that host them? In the beginning of her experience, Sr. John claims to have experienced God in all his glory. She feels a deep connection, and often has visions that, to her, are religious at their core. However, these visions come at the expense of intense migraines and epileptic episodes that are described as euphorically painful. She realizes that there is something wrong, but her want to be close to God overpowers her sense of self-care. She intuitively realizes that if she were to seek medical attention, these visions would be stripped away from her and with them her personal connection to God. After thinking about it for a while, and after her conditionShow MoreRelatedClassical Era in Latin America and Europe Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagesinstability of Latin American politics created a weakened structure, therefore creating limitations to regulate criminals, and landlords. Culturally, the Western Societies role of religion lost popularity, as nationalism and socialism provided competition for the church. But the Westerners excelled in literature, the arts and in science due to innovations from industrialization. While in Latin America, the Catholic Church continued to provide a key cultural adhesive throughout the Latin civilization. EconomicallyRead MoreThe Racial Contract1029 Words   |  5 Pagesforce in a country ravaged by extreme racism. Because of the racialized moral psychology created by the racial contract, white people are ironically often unable to see race and racism. Although Mills does not make use of psychoanalysis, his work suggests both how and why psychoanalytic theory can be of help to critical race theorys project of examining race for the purpose of challenging racism and white privilege. While the white cognitive dysfunction described by Mills sometimes operates preconsciouslyRead More The Racial Contract Essay998 Words   |  4 Pagesforce in a country ravaged by extreme racism. Because of the racialized moral psychology created by the racial contract, white people are ironically often unable to see race and racism. Although Mills does not make use of psychoanalysis, his work suggests both how and why psychoanalytic theory can be of help to critical race theory’s project of examining race for the purpose of challenging racism and white privilege. While the white cognitive dysfunction described by Mills sometimes operates preconsciouslyRead MoreIdentify How We Construct Identity? What Elements Make Up Identity? How Do We Exhibit Identity?1721 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment 3 Identify how we construct identity? What elements make up identity? How do we exhibit identity? This essay is to discuss where a person’s identity is derived from and how they portray those identities. A person’s identity cannot be defined simply by a single aspect of their lives such as religious beliefs but by a mixture of aspects and interactions that the person has. There are two theories that delve into the construction of a person’s identity; Social Identity theory and IdentityRead MoreRacial Profiling Essay2088 Words   |  9 Pages However, this security checking process is not too convenient for particular targeted group, which are the Muslims. In this paper, the main focus is to discuss about terrorism and the related anti-terrorism measures, such as racial profiling; and how do these policy affect the targeted group. After the terrific 9/11 attacks, every country has strengthened their own airport security and many other aspects to prevent terrorism. Especially the United States has become very sensitive and suspiciousRead MoreCareer Developmen t Essay1861 Words   |  8 PagesAdult and Family Development/361 September 7, 2011 Charlene Blount Career Development In this paper I will assess my personality type while determining how it relates to Holland’s Six Personality Types in addition to Costa’s Three-Dimensional Model of Personality. I will discuss early influences of vocations and developing work ethics. Additionally, this paper gives insight of future career goals, mentoring influences, and long-term career goals. Personality Types Holland’s Six PersonalityRead MoreAre the Rationalist Approaches Appropriate for the Study of International Relations?3641 Words   |  15 Pagesother and by determining how they dynamically interact, and their consequent impact on the conditions of the international community (Burchill, 2011). International relations are changing constantly under the influence of international politics and pressure, which affect the content and characteristics of IR. The problem of correlation between domestic and foreign policy of the most complex and controversial problems precipitates debate in many theoretical trends in the science of international relationsRead MoreHistory of the Philippine Educational System6007 Words   |  25 Pageseducation of pre-Spanish time in the Philippines was informal and unstructured. The fathers taught their sons how to look for food and other means of livelihood. The mothers taught their girls to do the household chores. This education basically prepared their children to become good husband and wives. Early Filipino ancestors valued education very much. Filipino men and women know how to read and write using their own native alphabet called alibata. The alibata was composed of 17 symbols representingRead MoreSystemic Questioning Essay2821 Words   |  12 PagesAbstract Creating trust in the helping relationship is one of the fundamentals of family therapy. Not only must the family learn to trust the counselor, but also the counselor must trust that the family is there willingly to receive help and to learn how to set their own goals and access their own resources to achieve them. Rather than being a passive listening post, a counselor must strive to actively listen and must keep an active engaging mind to compare what each family member is revealing. ClientsRead MoreA Nation Of Immigrants And The United States Of America2299 Words   |  10 Pagesmulticulturalism rohanpoojara.files.wordpress.com Policies that have favored immigration have in turn benefited the United States I will consider these points in the next section of my talk. I will then present the antiimmigration viewpoint and suggest how it is flawed. CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN THE US, 2010 http://statchatva.org/2014/03/13/ancestry-who-do-you-think-you-are/ As can be seen from this map based on the 2010 US Census, America is a culturally diverse country made up of many populations which

International Journal Of Economy Management-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Journal Of Economy Management? Answer: Introduction Globalisation has created a competitive nature in the market raising the demand of quality being delivered to the customers. The demand of maintaining high quality for the products exists in the organisations regardless of the industry. Both manufacturers and service providers require delivering top quality for whatever they are selling to the customers for holding competitive position in the market. This supplemented in the formation of Total Quality Management, which is a systematic approach. It is necessary for the companies the TQM perspective by adequate planning and implementing a constant organisational improvement process. This helps them in gaining competitive advantage in the market by identifying problems, building commitments and exceeding customers expectation. It is necessary for contemporary business organisations to follow the principles proposed in the TQM to identify the quality being delivered to the customers (Kalra and Pant 2013). This essay aims to identify the total quality management of Toyota by analysing the three key principles namely commitment, customer orientation and continuous improvement. This will focus on identification of level of achievement attained by the multinational company I work in and barriers faced by the company in the attainment process. The essay further recommends the necessary modifications that can contribute in attaining the quality narrated in the TQM principles. TQM Principles Total Quality Management from its philosophical stance integrates all its functions for meeting the need of focusing on meeting the customer needs and organisational objectives. This management philosophy was formulated back in 1950 and underwent numerous modifications. The philosophy gained its popularity in 1980s. The managements in contemporary business organisations use this as a method that enables them to get involved in the continuous improvement of the product manufacturing and services delivered to the customers. Kalra and Pant (2013) described TQM as an accumulation of the management tools whose primary focus is to increase business while reducing losses due to the wasteful practices. There are a number of principles communicated by various scholars, out of which, five principles are considered as the primary due to its importance in quality management of a business process. They are management commitments, employee empowerment, fact based decision-making, continuous improv ement and customer focus (Gimenez-Espin, Jimnez-Jimnez and Martnez-Costa 2013). However, management commitment, continuous improvement and customer focus is prioritised over the rest of the principles due to their important contribution in quality management. Commitment involves the input of both the managers and employees in the product development process. Necessity for calculating the commitment of both for identifying the effort put in the process for identifying the efficiency of the development process of the quality product. From the perspective of employee commitment, the participation of the employee towards the organisational goal is calculated. From the managerial perspective on the other hand identifies the need of quality committee, plan formulation, policymaking, strategy implementation and review of the process. This ensures the success of the process that assures quality of the product being delivered to the customers. Continuous Improvement guideline communicated through this principle on the other hand identifies the need of analysing the way the product is being developed. As described by Gimenez-Espin, Jimnez-Jimnez and Martnez-Costa (2013), the principle of continuous improvement looks for the efficiency of a product development process and identifies the gap for improving the process. This further incorporates the evaluation of the employees and their performance for understanding the capability and scope for innovati0n that will further increase the productivity of the firm. The team with better performance is likely to provide quality products and services to the customers of the organisation. The principle further calls for cross-functional process management, attain, maintain and improve standards. Customer Orientation according to Gimenez-Espin, Jimnez-Jimnez and Martnez-Costa (2013) identifies the need of customers focused products. This principle communicates the need of manufacturing products according to the need of customers and maintaining the product quality according to the demand for satisfying the need. This principle further reviews the communication process taken by the company for reaching out their customers in the target market. The complete process includes the product, its functionality, attribution, convenience and the means of communication of the products details to the customers. According to Herzallah, Gutirrez-Gutirrez and Munoz Rosas (2014), the quality of a product is considered as good only if it satisfies the customers need and hold greater perceived value compared to the other similar products in the market. Hence, the quality of the product is proportionate to the value it holds among the customers. The management process of the quality in an organisation on the other hand as prescribed by Mohammad Mosadeghrad (2014) is the complete process of need identification of the customers and working towards the similar aim. This further involves the planning process, evaluation, implementation of the plan and directing the workforce towards the aim. The principles proposed by TQM convey the standards to be maintained in the process for delivering quality products to the customers. Company Analysis The company I had worked in is a multinational company that delivers products and services to the target international customers. The company includes three elements of quality that they require to maintain that are innovation, customers and employee management. The company values the contribution of the employees as they consider them as the building block for maintaining the quality of their products. This leads them to hire the employees who have greater experience on specific field and has the potential to develop innovative products for the organisation. The company adopted multilevel evaluation for the process of employing new workers into the organisation that includes group discussion, skill test and personal interview. The company further offers the employees various training programs for developing the skills for satisfying the customers needs. This also works as a motivational factor for the employees to retain interest towards their work and the organisation. This in turn helps the organisation in retaining the employees with greater commitment towards product development that ensures the greater quality. Moreover, the employee integration in the decision making process amplifies the sense of responsibility among the employees th at further facilitates in increasing the level of commitment of the employees. Moreover, the company has incentive policies for distributing rewards that keep them motivated and encourage them to contribute towards the organisational goal. The management on the other hand follows cross-cultural leadership for addressing the multicultural workforce of the company. This helps them motivating the employees towards the goals of the organisation. The management of the company further developed the performance review matrix that helps in identifying the development required by particular individuals. Moreover, they have developed CSR policies for addressing the environmental issues in the market in which they are operating. This requires them to formulate specific CSR policies for different markets as the particular company operates in the international market, under different legislation. However, the company follows a general CSR policy for all their operational markets around the globe that weakens the implacability of the policy. The management commitment principle as communicated in TQM as described in the earlier section communicates the guideline for providing greater quality of the products that includes various management processes which needs implementation as per the requirement. However, the primary objective of the principle as proposed by Goetsch and Davis (2014) is to attain maximum efficiency of the workforce for developing quality products. However, the multinational company under study reflects limitations in their management process. As mentioned earlier, the company prioritises the customers in their product development for holding competitive advantage in the market by meeting the customers demands and specifications. This helps them in providing customers satisfaction that in turn helps in increasing brand value. The increased brand value on the other hand helps them in building customer loyalty. This can be attributed as the determinant factors for the company in prioritising the customers perception in the product development. The customer-oriented nature of the business is meet through need identification, satisfaction and individual need identification. The company ensures the needs are met or even exceeds the customers needs. The process of need identification involves market analysis that helps the company identifying the existing trend in the market along with the possible upcoming trend that is likely to dominate the market. Market analysis involves various market surveys and trend analysis. The research division of the company again looks this after. They are responsible for collecting, analysing and storing the data. The satisfaction of the customers can be considered as the centre of the companys vision and mission. The overall vision of the company is to provide quality product in accordance to the customers needs for satisfaction and value creation. The overall team of the company is involved in the process for maintaining the product quality being delivered. This involves the activities ranging from product development, product promotion, product marketing, supply chain management for on time delivery to market research for understanding the current sales and upcoming trend. The retails store activities and services are checked for ensuring the primary target customers of the company are satisfied. The attainment of success is determined through the feedback approach taken by the company. This helps them understanding the customers perception towards the products company is delivering to their customers. The company further respects the individual need of the customers. This directed the comp any to deliver a wide range of product line for satisfying a larger customer segment in the target market. This again leads them to stratify the market offering different products with different pricing for satisfying individual customers needs. Moreover, the quality assurance and control policies incorporated by the company guarantees high quality and safety of the product. The manufacturing process is reviewed under multiple product testing stages incorporated in the product development process. Moreover, the company has on spot quality check during the manufacturing that helps in increasing the perceived value of the products. On to it, the CSR policies of the company helps them uphold the environmental safety maintained by the company in the process of production. This again contributes in increasing product value. From the TQM point of view, the company has attained success in following customer orientation principle in the quality management process. Customer orientation principle as mentioned by Gharakhani et al (2013) involves the necessary steps required for both satisfying and measuring the level of satisfaction of the customers. The company invests a lump sum in their research and development of the products. This involves product life cycle review in accordance to the customers need. The constant review of the need is required for introducing innovative products in the market in order to attract customers attention. This is mainly done through the market study conducted by the company using market analysis tools. Moreover, further importance of the division serves in developing the future generation products for the customers. The development department of the company is focused on designing the products according to the customers needs. The company is successful in producing data related to the needs and developing products accordingly that helped them in holding greater market share in the international market. The modification of the products is constant in the company, which enables them to reintroduce the products in the market for satisfying the customers demand. The concept products of the company re present the outlooks that are to enter the market for next generation customers. This represents the successful alignment of the with the mission and vision statement of the company as it accommodates innovation. Barrier Identification The company however, faces considerable challenge in satisfying specific needs of the individual. As the products delivered to the customers are standardised products, it is hard for the company in the process (Ferner and Almond 2013). However, customisation of the products will provide the company in gaining greater efficiency towards customer satisfaction. However, this will increase the costing of the product, which in turn will modify the pricing of the products. This is a huge barrier for the company in their customer focus approach in the international market. Moreover, the company requires modification in the process of data collection regarding the experience. The contemporary feedback system is proving ineffective in the changing world (Black and IVERIFICATION SERVICES LLC 2013). This in contemporary market becoming barrier for the company to continue with existing system and requires modernised tool that integrates technological advancement. Moreover, the need identificatio n process utilised is market analysis, which fails in complete identification of the trend in the contemporary market. This also is becoming a barrier for the company in addressing the needs of the customers in their target market. Lastly, the company has developed and followed CSR policy in the product manufacturing process. However, the absence of CSR policies in other process such as supply chain is a barrier in addressing the customer-focused principle of TQM (Ayuso, Roca and Colom 2013). Some of the barriers as identified in the report are the absence of internal feedback mechanism that needs incorporation within the workplace. This limits the international communication of the organisation (Huang, Baptista and Galliers 2013). Moreover, the cross-cultural leadership as utilised by the organisation limits the ability of motivating and directing the workforce towards the goal of the company. On to it, the objective of the company is too generalised and fails to focus on particular aspect. This according to the TQM principle of innovation is properly aligned. As stated by Bon and Mustafa (2013), a company needs to constantly innovate its operational process for developing innovative products that will satisfy the market need. Constant improvement in the organisation according to the TQM constant innovation principle will help the company holding their market share in the target market. For example, Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan has been successfully holding their international market share due to the innovative approach of the company and the vision of providing future generation products to the customers (Toivonen 2015). Similar but different example can be sighted for the case of Tesla, which is an American automobile organisation. The cars manufactured by the company are eco-friendly and considered as future technology of automobile industry. However, the company is failing in holding greater market share due to its high end pricing, which again can be attribute d to the high production cost (Christensen, Raynor and McDonald 2015). However, despite of focusing on innovation practices, the company is facing significant challenge meeting customers demand. This can be attributed to the cost barriers. The production cost for developing the products as envisioned is considerably high that reduces the profit margin of the company (Klychova et al 2015). Some of the costing that plays active role in increasing the production cost are the price of raw materials, labour costs, transport cost etc. (Ellram et al 2013). This can be considered as a significant barrier in the innovation process both admired by the company and narrated in the principle of TQM. The company is further failing in developing innovative products due to the high production cost. Recommendations The barriers identified can be considered as common challenges faced by a multinational enterprise. Negligence of these challenges significantly reduces the product quality, which makes it important for the organisations to mitigate the issues with maximum priorities. Following are some of the recommendation that can improve the situation of the company and direct them achieving the principles of total quality management. Barriers identified in the previous section on the management commitment limits the efficiency of the company. The internal feedback system as identified can considerably increase the efficiency in performance identification. Integration of employee feedback application in this case can potentially benefit the company by increasing the motivation level of the company. Benefit as identified by Guo et al (2014) is in encouraging the employees by communicating the performance level and appreciating them for the job well done. This can also be used to communicate job description to the employees. Integration of the application will also facilitate the employees to communicate their valuable feedback regarding the workplace environment and the management. This will help the company identify the areas with the workplace that needs attention. The recommendation will also be welcomed from the employees for formulating ideas regarding the improvement process that can successfully modify the w orkplace environment. Change in leadership style is another modification required for developing greater commitment. Changing the cross-cultural leadership to transformational leadership as identified by Top et al (2013) will provide greater efficiency in motivating the employees that will redirect their focus towards the organisational goals. Moreover, the transformational leadership will facilitate in supporting the change that are being recommendation. The implication of transformational leadership also lies in improving the innovative approach of the company. According to Avolio and Yammarino (2013), transformational leaders have the ability to both communicate and extract innovative ideas. Hence, the implementation of the particular leadership style will facilitate in attaining multiple principles communicated through the TQM. Expanding the manufacturing to the developing countries as recommended earlier will help in reducing the production cost. This has further implication in attaining the customer-focused principle of TQM. The lower production cost will help changing the product category from standardisation to customisable product. This will enable the customer receive products specific to their need without major alteration in the pricing of the products. Furthermore, the company needs to develop their general CSR policy. This is because of the international operation of the business. The international organisations require specific CSR policies for their operations in particular nations that should be developed in accordance to the country legislation. Hence, to could be recommended to the company to formulate country specific CSR policies for increasing the quality of their products and services (Stellner, Klein and Zwergel 2015). Moreover, the company follows CSR policy in their production process, whereas, they do not have any policy for the supply chain. Hence, separate policy regarding the supply chain is required to develop for completely addressing the issue of environmental safety. Barrier regarding the customer feedback can be solved with the development of company App. This according to Helander et al (2014) is the modern trend used for gathering customer review. The application will help both the company and the customers in receiving and providing feedback respectively. This will enable the customers to provide feedback and submit complaints related to the used products without having to visit the companys service provides. Company will further reduce their expenses by implementing the application, as this will delete the need of outdoor feedback survey. Moreover, the application can also be utilised in conducting market survey for need identification. The loyal customers of the company will be provided opportunity for sharing their specific recommendation with the company stating their particular product need. The next recommendation that can be provided is the utilisation of social networking websites for collecting customers view. The increased technological advancement and adaptation will support the utilisation of social networking in conducting survey. The target market reflects high utilisation of technology and social networking on daily basis. According to He, Zha and Li (2013), utilisation of social networking for conducting customer need survey will help an organisation in efficient data collection maintaining low budget for research division. Hence, implementation of this particular recommendation will help the company in both getting efficiency in data collection while significantly reducing the cost involved. Lastly, the company is facing challenge in reducing the production cost that significantly decreases the quality of the products, which fails in satisfying the customer needs. The company is further failing in developing innovative products due to the high production cost. Two possible solutions can be recommended. According to Dolgui and Proth (2013), outsourcing can significantly reduce the production cost incurred by an organisation. Implementation of outsourcing in supply chain can provide further benefits to the company by reducing the transportation cost. Another benefit of using outsourcing lies in significantly reducing the risk incurred by the company. However, as identified by Cortes and Pan (2013), this can significantly reduce the quality of the product being delivered due to minimal control of the production process. The second recommendation in this case that can be made is the FDI. This recommends the company to open manufacturing facility in the developing countries. The benefits of this planning involves in reducing the labour cost in the production process (Haberly and Wjcik 2014). This will further benefit the company in maintaining the product quality as the regulation of production process will remain intact and the company will have full control over the process. Conclusion It is possible to state from the above discussion that the company has successfully addressed the mentioned principles of total quality management for their quality management. However, they are lacking in certain sections of quality management process that is limiting the full potential of the company. It is further increasing the expenses incurred. The provided recommendations on the identified barriers can help the company in exploring its full capabilities, simultaneously reducing their incurred expenses. Reference Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013. Introduction to, and overview of, transformational and charismatic leadership. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. xxvii-xxxiii). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Ayuso, S., Roca, M. and Colom, R., 2013. SMEs as transmitters of CSR requirements in the supply chain.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,18(5), pp.497-508. Black, J.K., IVERIFICATION SERVICES LLC, 2013.Systems and methods for providing and obtaining validated customer feedback information. U.S. Patent 8,473,304. Bon, A.T. and Mustafa, E.M., 2013. Impact of total quality management on innovation in service organizations: Literature review and new conceptual framework.Procedia Engineering,53, pp.516-529. Christensen, C.M., Raynor, M.E. and McDonald, R., 2015. What is disruptive innovation.Harvard Business Review,93(12), pp.44-53. Cortes, P. and Pan, J., 2013. Outsourcing household production: Foreign domestic workers and native labor supply in Hong Kong. Journal of Labor Economics, 31(2), pp.327-371. Dolgui, A. and Proth, J.M., 2013. Outsourcing: definitions and analysis.International Journal of Production Research,51(23-24), pp.6769-6777. Ellram, L.M., Tate, W.L. and Petersen, K.J., 2013. Offshoring and reshoring: an update on the manufacturing location decision.Journal of Supply Chain Management,49(2), pp.14-22. Ferner, A. and Almond, P., 2013. Performance and reward practices in foreign multinationals in the UK.Human Resource Management Journal,23(3), pp.241-261. Gharakhani, D., Rahmati, H., Farrokhi, M.R. and Farahmandian, A., 2013. Total quality management and organizational performance.American Journal of Industrial Engineering,1(3), pp.46-50. Gimenez-Espin, J.A., Jimnez-Jimnez, D. and Martnez-Costa, M., 2013. Organizational culture for total quality management.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,24(5-6), pp.678-692. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Guo, Y., Liao, J., Liao, S. and Zhang, Y., 2014. The mediating role of intrinsic motivation on the relationship between developmental feedback and employee job performance.Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal,42(5), pp.731-741. Haberly, D. and Wjcik, D., 2014. Tax havens and the production of offshore FDI: an empirical analysis.Journal of Economic Geography,15(1), pp.75-101. He, W., Zha, S. and Li, L., 2013. Social media competitive analysis and text mining: A case study in the pizza industry.International Journal of Information Management,33(3), pp.464-472. Helander, E., Kaipainen, K., Korhonen, I. and Wansink, B., 2014. Factors related to sustained use of a free mobile app for dietary self-monitoring with photography and peer feedback: retrospective cohort study.Journal of medical Internet research,16(4). Herzallah, A.M., Gutirrez-Gutirrez, L. and Munoz Rosas, J.F., 2014. Total quality management practices, competitive strategies and financial performance: the case of the Palestinian industrial SMEs.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,25(5-6), pp.635-649. Huang, J., Baptista, J. and Galliers, R.D., 2013. Reconceptualizing rhetorical practices in organizations: The impact of social media on internal communications.Information Management,50(2-3), pp.112-124. Kalra, N. and Pant, A., 2013. Critical success factors of total quality management in the Indian automotive industry (NCR).International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences,2(8), pp.620-625. Klychova, G.S., Zakirova, A.R., Zakirov, Z.R. and Valieva, G.R., 2015. Management aspects of production cost accounting in horse breeding.Asian Social Science,11(11), p.308. Mohammad Mosadeghrad, A., 2014. Essentials of total quality management: a meta-analysis.International journal of health care quality assurance,27(6), pp.544-558. Stellner, C., Klein, C. and Zwergel, B., 2015. Corporate social responsibility and Eurozone corporate bonds: The moderating role of country sustainability.Journal of Banking Finance,59, pp.538-549. Toivonen, T., 2015. Continuous innovationcombining Toyota Kata and TRIZ for sustained innovation.Procedia engineering,131, pp.963-974. Top, M., Tarcan, M., Tekingndz, S. and Hikmet, N., 2013. An analysis of relationships among transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational trust in two Turkish hospitals.The International journal of health planning and management,28(3).

Overview of Theories of Liability and Defense

The Big Bang Essays - Physical Cosmology, Astronomy, Physics

The Big Bang Essays - Physical Cosmology, Astronomy, Physics The Big Bang It is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two types of models: Big Bang and Steady State. However, through many observational evidences, the Big Bang theory can best explain the creation of the universe. The Big Bang model postulates that about 15 to 20 billion years ago, the universe violently exploded into being, in an event called the Big Bang. Before the Big Bang, all of the matter and radiation of our present universe were packed together in the primeval fireballan extremely hot dense state from which the universe rapidly expanded.1 The Big Bang was the start of time and space. The matter and radiation of that early stage rapidly expanded and cooled. Several million years later, it condensed into galaxies. The universe has continued to expand, and the galaxies have continued moving away from each other ever since. Today the universe is st ill expanding, as astronomers have observed. The Steady State model says that the universe does not evolve or change in time. There was no beginning in the past, nor will there be change in the future. This model assumes the perfect cosmological principle. This principle says that the universe is the same everywhere on the large scale, at all times.2 It maintains the same average density of matter forever. There are observational evidences found that can prove the Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model. First, the redshifts of distant galaxies. Redshift is a Doppler effect which states that if a galaxy is moving away, the spectral line of that galaxy observed will have a shift to the red end. The faster the galaxy moves, the more shift it has. If the galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will show a blue shift. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all. However, as astronomers observed, the more distance a galaxy is located from Earth, the mor e redshift it shows on the spectrum. This means the further a galaxy is, the faster it moves. Therefore, the universe is expanding, and the Big Bang model seems more reasonable than the Steady State model. The second observational evidence is the radiation produced by the Big Bang. The Big Bang model predicts that the universe should still be filled with a small remnant of radiation left over from the original violent explosion of the primeval fireball in the past. The primeval fireball would have sent strong shortwave radiation in all directions into space. In time, that radiation would spread out, cool, and fill the expanding universe uniformly. By now it would strike Earth as microwave radiation. In 1965 physicists Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected microwave radiation coming equally from all directions in the sky, day and night, all year.3 And so it appears that astronomers have detected the fireball radiation that was produced by the Big Bang. This casts serious doubt on t he Steady State model. The Steady State could not explain the existence of this radiation, so the model cannot best explain the beginning of the universe. Since the Big Bang model is the better model, the existence and the future of the universe can also be explained. Around 15 to 20 billion years ago, time began. The points that were to become the universe exploded in the primeval fireball called the Big Bang. The exact nature of this explosion may never be known. However, recent theoretical breakthroughs, based on the principles of quantum theory, have suggested that space, and the matter within it, masks an infinitesimal realm of utter chaos, where events happen randomly, in a state called quantum weirdness.4 Before the universe began, this chaos was all there was. At some time, a portion of this randomness happened to form a bubble, with a temperature in excess of 10 to the power of 34 degrees Kelvin. Being that hot, naturally it expanded. For an extremely brief and short period , billionths of billionths of a second, it inflated. At the end of the period of inflation, the universe may have a diameter of a few

Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Media - Essay Example Michael Haenle in and Andreas Kaplan describe social media to mean "a set of Internet-based appliances that exploit the technological and ideological basics of Web 2.0, as well as permit the formation and interchange of user-generated information (2010). Additionally, social media hinges on web-based and mobile technologies to form extremely interactive programs through which communities and individuals co-create, share, discuss, as well as transform user-generated information. It initiates pervasive and significant transformations to communication among organizations, individuals and communities. Social media is different from industrial or traditional media in numerous aspects, for instance, reach, permanence, quality, frequency, immediacy, and usability. Social media technology takes on numerous different varieties including Internet forums, magazines, social blogs, weblogs, wikis, micro blogging, social networks, pictures or photographs, podcasts video, rating as well as social b ookmarking. Through applying a collection of concepts in the arena of social processes and media research, Haenlein and Kaplan formed a classification system in their Corporate Horizons (2010) article. They used six varied kinds of social media: micro blogs and blogs (for instance, Twitter), collaborative projects (for instance, Wikipedia), content communities (for instance, Daily Motion and YouTube), and social networking websites, for instance, Facebook. Others include virtual social worlds (for instance, Second Life), simulated game worlds (for instance, World of War craft).The technologies comprise blogs, wall-postings, picture sharing, email, vlogs, instant messaging; voice over IP and crowd sourcing, and music sharing. Much of these packages can be assimilated through social network accretion programs. Social media net websites comprise sites like, Twitter, Facebook, Viadeo, Vkontakte, Tuenti, Hyves, Daniel's World , Dreams village, MySpace, and Bebo. Once social media is appl ied in sequence with mobile gadgets it is termed as mobile social-media. Therefore, social media is a set of mobile promoting applications, which permit the formation and interchange of user-generated information. Owing to the datum that mobile-social media operates on mobile gadgets, it distinguishes from outmoded social media since it integrates new aspects, for instance, the current user location (location-sensitivity) and the time interval amid sending as well as receiving texts (time-sensitivity) (Watts, 2010). Whereas traditional-social media provide a range of prospects for corporations in a comprehensive range of corporate sectors, mobile-social media utilizes the time - and location -sensitivity facets of it to take on marketing research, sales discounts or promotions, communication, and affiliation loyalty or development platforms. E-commerce businesses denote to social media as CGM (consumer-generated media). A shared thread running within all social media descriptions is a combination of social interaction and technology for the co-formation of value (Li & Bernoff, 2008). Individuals obtain information, news, education, and other facts from print and electronic media. Social media is distinctive from traditional or industrial media, for instance, newspapers, film television, since they

Distinctive Characteristics of American Culture and Character Acquired Essay - 1

Distinctive Characteristics of American Culture and Character Acquired Throughout History - Essay Example Trends in household appliances and fashion started to pick up. They also started to fill their leisure time by participating in sports and other various activities like going to amusement parks. These changes then had an impact in the literature of that time and it targeted the middle class that was gradually growing. After 1910, the American culture experienced very little change (Fischer 23). Between 1870 and 1900, public-school enrollment doubled. This had a ripple effect that increased the number of high school and college students in the same period. The effect of this was that the level of illiteracy was very much reduced. There was also a growth in elementary schools, which went hand in hand with the growth of immigrants, and most parents saw this as a venue for acculturation. Martial arts, sciences, and American history were classes that were added into the curriculum around this period. It supplemented the basic curriculum of arithmetic, reading, and writing. Higher education expanded as universities and colleges, by 1900, had around 250,000 students. This was four times the number the universities and colleges had thirty years before. Act of The way Americans dressed and ate was changed by mass production. Hand-made clothing became less and less popular after the civil war. People became rather accustomed to wearing clothes that were ready made and were on sale in retail outlets. These retail outlets were however found mostly in large cities. However, Aaron Montgomery in 1872 started a mail-order business and thus the Americans did not have to visit these retail stores to buy clothes. This turned out to be quite a successful business for Montgomery and he dealt with a variety of commodities from agricultural products to clothes. In 1896, the Rural Free Delivery service made mail-order more accessible. With due time, increased accessibility to a wide variety of foods by people all over the country was experienced.

The Virtual Team Leadership Management Essay

The Virtual Team Leadership Management Essay This review of research examines the process of leadership, Types of Leadership, Functions of leadership, Conflict models, Leadership performance, effectiveness of leader, Leadership outcomes, Self-management in Virtual teams, working skills, Building trust and cooperation through technology adoptions in Virtual teams. Based on the review of the literature and research many hypotheses were proposed regarding the functions of leaders in virtual teams to manage, reduce the conflict and to motivate team members for sustained outcome. Introduction In the discussion of large companies and organizations out sourcing and branching out their teams typical to reach the goals, productivity and consumer satisfaction. To manage organizations turn over throughout all the braches is impossible which have different people working on same task from different places with different timelines and schedules. So, leading these teams need special requirements and skills apart from general organizational behavior. This study concentrates from both leader and team perspective to resolve conflicts and increase teams performance. The use of virtual teams is common now-a-days and more than half of the professional employees are believed to work or already have worked on virtual teams during their career (Martins, 2004; as cited in Wakefield, Leidner, Garrison, 2008). These virtual teams were dispersed geographically and culturally in order help the organization with round the clock work and to allow efficient employees from all over the world. Thes e virtual teams may be used as RD, customer service, etc. Since the virtual teams have great diversity than collocated teams these virtual teams tend to have more conflict within the team. This literature review will briefly describes the challenges faced by virtual teams, types of conflicts involved in the teams, The types of leadership procedures followed by the team leaders in order to reduce team conflict and gain trust, confidence and manage motivation in the team members. This review also deals with effects and causes of the performance and outcomes of the leadership practices. Literature General Idea and Surface Findings The idea of Virtual team Leadership centers it attention over managing the teams, Reducing conflicts, Building trust, cooperation with in the team so that it can perform better and achieve more outcome. In acquired literature researchers concluded to different types of hypotheses which yields the required outcome from the team. The teams mutual awareness can be disrupted by removing the common factors like location , culture between the team members (Cramton, 2001). The electronic interactions among teams members that may be misunderstood and it is not surprise that team conflict is pressing problem in virtual teams (Armstrong Cole, 2002 Hinds Mortensen, 2005). The studies found many type of leadership skills and approach towards team conflict to increase the trust and motivation between team members. Virtual projects often include collaboration of multiple organizations or employee-client relations through which leaders lost ability to influence the workers and hence use of info rmation and communication tools to regain their lost influence for achieving better performance from the team. In some situations for virtual teams will see emergent leadership skill where the active team members will lead the teams according to the situation of the project or proposed work. There is different leadership behaviors proposed by various studies the main leadership skills exhibited by these team leaders will be transformational, transactional and participative behaviors. Some of the studies proposed the success of the team is not only due to a teams efforts but it is collective individual influence the performance of team. The challenges of the virtual team settings can be overcome enhancing the leader ability which can be achieved by the change in management principles (Levasseur, R. E, 2012). Leadership in Virtual Teams Virtual team is a group of individuals who are geographically dispersed, cross functional and they work on highly interdependent and collaborative tasks. For leading these virtual teams will need special leadership skills and practices, the authors like Rosen, Furst, Blackburn did intense research and found nearly six types of leadership practiced performed by virtual team leaders, those can elaborated mainly as establishing and maintaining trust through use of communication technology, ensuring distributed diversity, managing working life cycle, monitoring teams progress, enhanced visibility, enabling virtual team members to benefit from collaborated team work (Rosen, Furst, Blackburn, 2006 as cited in Malhotra, Majchrzak, Rosen, 2007). For me leading virtual teams requires all the leadership and project management skills. The communication through electronically and in person is not same, because the authors stated that the Synchronizing efforts of geographically, culturally and technically diverse team does not happen magically and they stated that its hard to motivate and influence people electronically (Rosen, Furst, Blackburn, 2006; as cited in Malhotra, Majchrzak, Rosen, 2007). Challenges faced by Virtual Teams The virtual teams have different and greater challenges than the traditional workplace environment, The working lines will cross over geographic locations, boundries, cultures, networks and alliances. Since the virtual teams are very diverse, they have very unique set of problem rather than collocated teams. The virtual teams face the issues of trust, communication, goal alignment, shared purpose, skills, resource availability and role clarity (ONeill, Lewis, Hambley, 2008). Virtual team has to overcome the following external and internal challenges. External factors are outside the control of a virtual team and the team has to find a way to manage them for example, like distance, time and technology. Internal factors are those will be within the control of a virtual team, the team can directly influenced or interact with these factors like culture, trust, communication, relationship and leadership (Friedrich, Bleimann, Stengel, Walsh, 2011). The Leadership is the key for any virtual organization setting, the right competencies, attributes, trust and rapport, and management of virtual workers and teams. Elective leadership is the key factor that influences success in a virtual organization. The Maintenance of cultural identity, brand of employment and employee-manager satisfaction requires consistent and regular communication (ONeill, Lewis, Hambley, 2008). Leadership skills are necessary for virtual work. According to ONeill, Lewis, Hambley,(2008) generally leadership included in virtual teams a strongly focuses on relationships, emotional intelligence, a track record and innovation, a focus on process and outcome, and the ability to give positive and constructive feedback. In the virtual organizations, the role of leaders tends to shift from one of controller to one of coordinator or coach and it is necessary for organizations to promote trust and working relationships (ONeill, Lewis, Hambley, 2008). Diversified Leadership Roles in Virtual Teams According to Chen, Yang, Tsou (2008) the diversified leadership roles influences both leadership effectiveness and team trust. There is some factors influence the teams effectiveness they are team trust, propensity, leadership effectiveness. The researchers also found that the trust mediates the relationship between both leader and team effectiveness. Synchronous ICT ( Information and Communication Technology) tools can be different in terms of social presence and information richness and text, audio- and video-conferencing systems are classified under these tools. From e-mails, discussion forms, and bulletin boards, to workflow, scheduling and other project management applications the ICT tools vary in wide ranges. The success of the virtual teams is clear purpose, goals always should be measurable, appropriate number of individual in the team, establishment of guidelines, communication, decision making and processes. The behavioral complexity theory clearly stressed on importance of leader in improving their team effectiveness by their diversified leadership roles (Kayworth Leidner, 2002; as cited in Chen, Yang, Tsou2008). The roles of leadership are categorized in to three types they are, interpersonal contact, information processing and decision making. The type of challenges that such as ICT-enabled communications, cross-cultural communications, global logistical design, technological complexity are more prevalent in the virtual teams. Diversified leadership roles, leadership effectiveness, and propensity to trust all positively influence team trust, in turn will contributes to two types of indicators of team effectiveness, performance and satisfaction (Chen, Yang, Tsou, 2008). Building Trust and Cooperation Project managers are the key people for making their teams successful. When the group was set virtually they go to face to face meeting using communication technology, but these meeting will affect both cost and time for travel during the project (PMI 2004). The researchers had a doubt in mind that weather effective management of information and communication technology offer VT leaders to regain the lost control over influence and performance over their virtual or not. Here the researchers proposed research model to find out how technology adaption will relate to the building trust and cooperation in virtual teams. The descriptive findings of study suggests that it is important to adopt to the new technology frequently, According to Thomas Bostrom (2008) The leaders failed to recognize technology adaptation although they recognized inherent tradeoff . Information and communication technologies usage failures will have a domino effect on productivity (Thomas Bostrom, 2008) this mea ns if the leaders fails to influence the team members and lost control over management power the whole team mechanism will lose its balance. Hence leaders can affect the teams outcomes by managing adaptions of their team information and communication technology. Project managers doing virtual projects must look at the big picture and not micromanage, (Fung, 2005: as cited in Jedd, 2006). Leader of virtual team should ensure standards are met and they should intervene with the teams activity when there is a problem, like noncompliance of standards. They get to know the each and every team member and learn how to motivate them and communication preferences. It is suggestive that the people are happier when they left alone to do their work and team empowerment was positively related to process improvement and customer satisfaction vice versa. The project leaders first they should understand clearly about the project and its objectives they are working on. After that they have to determine the essential skills required for the projects to select the subordinates. Trust is developed through guidance, not by micromanaging (Jedd, 2006) Leadership in Self-Managed Virtual Teams In most of the organizations virtual teams are typically project based with a limited time of life span and little deliverables. These teams are self-managed and do not have any designated leader to lead those teams (Yukl 1998; as cited Carte, Chidambaram, Becker, 2006). In this electronic context, might be better viewed as a collective effort distributed among team members characterized by the sharing and rotating of leadership roles (Zigurs 2003; Avolio 1999; as cited in Carte, Chidambaram, Becker, 2006). Although teams typically do not have any leader assigned these teams will have external supervision. Within such teams we can find diverse qualities of leadership behaviors exhibited by team members. The study was conducted on 22 virtual teams which had under graduate students of three university, this experiments had diffusion threat and time threat to external validity. Because of the communication exchanges among high performance teams characterized by high level of directive leadership and the behaviors exhibited among the teams mate during leaders were not persistence in accordance of time. For me this research gives a better idea that, the Article focused more on identifying emergent leadership behavior. It found that leadership behavior was strongly associates with performance of these self managed teams. Author suggests that shared monitoring and concentrated producing behaviors were more likely to exhibit by high performing teams. Subordinates exhibit the leadership behaviors early in teams life which are more predictive of success than those exhibited later during the process of emergent. The two likely bi products of the shared commitment to high quality teams outcomes are better relational development and greater trust among team members (Carte, Chidambaram, Becker, 2006). In order to ensure the self managed teams are more successful both individual and collective leadership behaviors plays major role. Model of Conflict, Leadership, and Performance in Virtual Teams Virtual teams are common in large organizations now-a-days and more professional employees are believed to work or already worked on virtual teams during their career. These virtual teams were dispersed geographically and culturally in order to facilitate the organization with round the clock work and to allow qualified professionals from all over the world. These virtual teams may be used as RD, customer service, etc. Since the virtual teams have great diversity than collocated teams these virtual teams tend to have more conflict within the team. This study mainly concentrates on the model of conflict, Leadership and the performance of virtual teams with conflict. The leaders are subjected to Quinns (1984) model of leadership and evaluate their performance with respect to conflict solving skills. The data for this study was collected from the virtual team members employed by a major U.S telecommunication corporation and virtual team members representing five firms in Korea. The firms and their location were chosen based on researchers personal contacts. The test measurements was based on hypotheses of different models like The monitor role and task conflict, Use of technology mediated communication, leadership role and team conflicts, Coordinator role and process conflict, Mentor role and relational conflict, Facilitator role and form of conflict and leadership roles and leader effectiveness, Leader effectiveness and team performance. All the teams are subjected to participate in electronic communications likes emails, group discussions, messaging, and video conference. The teams leaders will virtually guide the teams to resolve the conflicts between the team members. This research is motivated by interest in understanding how teams leaders can be effectively manage the conflicts with in virtual teams. Factors such as cultural diversity, geographical dispersion, few face to face meeting, increased complexity gave the momentum to virtual teams and it is critical to identify the factors contribute to virtual teams success. The leaders involving with more transformational, directive and participative behaviors of leadership approach had the greater team success. The internal leadership roles will improve in managing the teams conflict and leadership with these traits will be a better leader and the team will perform well in virtual environment. Transformational and Transactional Leaders Ruggieri, 2009 stated that the effects of transactional and transformational leadership on groups in which people interact in a virtual manner were analyzed and specifically the level of satisfaction and perception of the style adopted were evaluated. Most of the leaders who conducts transactional leadership will perceive the relationship as an exchange process between leader and follower (Bass Avolio, 1993; as cited in Ruggieri, 2009). Namely there are four principle factors that are categorized under transformational leadership: charisma, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration (Bass Avolio, 1993; as cited in Ruggieri, 2009). The results suggest that the both transformational and transactional leadership perceived equally positive figures, Transformational leaders are intelligent and sensitive in many aspects of the leadership roles. Some of the leaders are oriented more towards the developing the relations of the subordinates rather than focusing on the goal of the team, these are known as charismatic leaders. They concentrate more on future and development of the workgroup. Since these leaders are involve in developing the personal relations and future minded they tend to induce more positive attitude in subordinates and motivates them to goal achievement. Apart from being intelligent these leaders are stuffed with more creativity and originality. On the other hand, some of the leaders are more tasks oriented rather than focusing on building relations; they are self esteemed and authentic about the job definition (Ruggieri, 2009). There are almost similar negative adjective coming to these two types of leaders. The Multilevel regression analyses indicated that leaders mode of care reasoning was more positively related to follower reports of transformational leadership but not transactional leadership (Simola, Barling, Turner, N. 2012). The transformational approach had many dimensions of the leadership process. Generally, the process involves initiating, developing and carrying out changes in organization. Transformational leadership includes nourishing and empowering followers. Since the transformational leaders tend to show charismatic behaviors, these leaders can become role models to their followers. Transformational leaders encourage others and celebrate their accomplishments ( Simola, Barling, Turner, N. 2012). By the end transformational leadership induces positive attitude in minds of followers making them feeling better overall and increase their contributions for achieving common goals. The transformational leadership is more efficient than the other type of leaderships due to its authentic factors like motivation and trust, where other types of leadership will have some sort of inconsistency and trouble maintaining the relations with the subordinates. The Effects of Leadership Style and Communication Medium The authors explained the process briefly with their outcomes and effects on the subordinates in the teams. Actually leaders leading the teams virtually by using communication technology as a medium where the subordinates are geographically isolated. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the leadership and sort out the best possible approaches of the leaders to achieve success for the teams; this may include vast variety of approaches. Since all the teams are handled virtually the communication between the team members will be in different kinds like text messaging, emails, video conference, tele conference , discussion and many more (Laura, Thomas, Theresa. 2007). This study gives a better idea how the leaders are approaching the team members and type of interactions using by them to get the job done. Study was the conducted with 30 graduate and under graduate students from the department of psychology acting as participants in six experimental conditions. Purpose of this study to evaluate the leaders by conducting experiments in all possible conditions and ensure that all the leaders are successful with the teams and typically time taken to complete the task on individual basis and as a team According to my opinion the success of the team depends up on the type of style leader is using on the team mates and their interaction, since all the communication is virtual there are lot of constrains taken in to consideration like time, schedules, cultural and thought barriers, technical issues and every aspect will affect the teams performance (Laura, Thomas, Theresa. 2007). Conclusion Finally, leading virtual teams requires all of the leadership and project management skills. The communication through electronically and in person is not same, Behavior of the emerging leader is associated to the performance of the self managed virtual team. Leaders can affect the teams outcomes by managing adaptions of their team information and communication technology. The two likely bi products of the shared commitment to high quality teams outcomes are better relational development and greater trust among team members (Carte, Chidambaram, Becker, 2006). In order to ensure the self Transformational leaders are intelligent and sensitive in many aspects of the leadership roles (Ruggieri, 2009). Leading virtual teams requires all the leadership and project management skills. The communication through electronically and in person is not same, because the authors like Malhotra, Majchrzak, Rosen, 2007 stated that the Synchronizing efforts of geographically, culturally and technicall y diverse team does not happen magically and they stated that its hard to motivate and influence people electronically. According to my opinion the success of the team depends up on the type of style leader is using on the team mates and their interaction. The change in management principles can enhance the leaders ability to overcome challenges that virtual teams present (Levasseur, 2012). Hopefully, as a result, leaders everywhere will better understand what to do to enhance the performance of their virtual teams. The internal leadership roles will improve in managing the teams conflict and leadership with these traits will be a better leader and the team will perform well in virtual environment.

Harshness and Cruelty in Streetcar Named Desire :: Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire

One of the main themes expressed by Tennessee Williams in his play, A Streetcar Named Desire, is to condemn those who display cruelty and harshness in their treatment of others, especially those who are weak and vulnerable.   Three characters who demonstrate these insensitive qualities are Blanche, Mitch, and Stanley.   Whether the cruelty is deliberate or not, it results in the destruction of others, both physically and mentally. Blanche Dubois, the central victim of mistreatment in the play, was herself, dealing out her share of insensitivities during her younger days.   When Blanche was 16, she had a very handsome lover named Allan Gray.   She was very much in love with him and decided to marry him.   But by total surprise one night, Blanche found her lover in bed with another man.   She tried to pretend that nothing had happened.   However, she was unable to hold what she saw inside, and told Allan "I saw,   I know, you disgust me†¦"( p.96). To Allan, Blanche seemed to be a person who accepted him for who he was in a society where homosexuals are discriminated against. What Blanche said completely devastated Allan and he found no reason to continue living.   Although Blanche had no intentions of hurting Allan, enough damage was done to prompt Allan to shoot himself, his mind and body destroyed. The harsh treatment dealt by Mitch to Blanche near the end of the play is strikingly similar to Blanche's treatment of Allan Gray.   Mitch is a friend of Stanley's whom Blanche falls for during her visit to New Orleans.   The relationship between Blanche and Mitch had been developing steadily.   Both characters felt the need to settle down in life and both saw the image of marriage at the outcome of their relationship.   It did seem as though the image would become reality, until Stan interfered.   Stan filled Mitch's mind with unfavourable stories of Blanche's checkered past and the relationship quickly turned sour.   Mitch had not believed Stan at first, but when he received confirmation of the truth to Stan's accusations, he became heart-broken and enraged.   Mitch goes to confront Blanche personally and accuses her of being a prostitute and lying to him.   Mitch also says that Blanche is hiding something, as he has never seen her in broad daylight.   He then tears the paper lantern off the light bulb, representing a tearing away of Blanche's shield from realism. Blanche admits to the accusations but reasons that she has changed her ways and never did lie in her heart.   Mitch appears to forgive her as he goes to kiss Blanche.   But in the midst of the embrace, Mitch blurts out, "You're not clean

Mary Wollstonecraft and The Importance of Being Earnest Essay

Mary Wollstonecraft would have found in the witty comedy The Importance of Being Earnest a small vindication of her ideologies. Wilde touched on many issues that Mary Wollstonecraft herself had strong opinions on, such as, primarily, equality in society, including related concepts such as marriage, social responsibility, sexuality and gender roles, and independence. Wollstonecraft had argued for the rights of man, and then extended her arguments to cover women in particular, whom she felt were wrongly debased and exploited in Victorian society. She wanted a change in British law that would grant women equal rights of property upon marriage. Most known for her radical feminist stance, Wollstonecraft was deeply concerned about the status of females in society. She argued that the womanly â€Å"innocence† is actually just a better name for miserable ignorance, saying that most women were unjustifiably kept in ignorance, and were valued for, and expected to give value to, appearances only, and she argued that women were educated to be attractive to men. She argued for the education of women, and espoused the basic feminist assumptions of equality of men and women. She was particularly opposed to the idea of women being educated to become submissive. Wollstonecraft also contended that everyone, including women, had a right to be independent, and she envisioned a society where all were equal, where women had equal opportunities; she wanted women to hold power over themselves Wollstonecraft’s societal concerns are echoed in Wilde’s play. In the play, marriage is a dominant theme, and is shown as a strong moving force, a motivation for many of the characters actions. Marriage, according to the Lady Bracknell at least, is a woman’s obligation. Algernon and Jack discuss whether marriage is a matter of business or pleasure, which is in some way a questioning of the institution of marriage as it was practiced then. Wilde’s play reflected the conventional views of Victorian society, and the Victorian class system is also parodied effectively. In Victorian England society social position was everything, and the upper class viewed themselves as having virtues unquestionable by the lower classes. In Victorian society appearances were also of paramount importance; this is seen particularly in Gwendolen, when she insists on the correct performance of her marriage proposal above all else. The focus on appearances by the upper class furthered the superior attitude of the upper classes. The gulf between the upper and lower classes is widened because of this, to the detriment of other values such as equality and to the perpetuation of the exploitation of the lower classes. Wollstonecraft had wanted a revolution in female manners; in the play the women portrayed roles that contradicted reality and thus presented a possibility of a change in gender roles. Lady Bracknell had a dominant personality; Gwendolyn and Cecily are shown as relatively headstrong and in charge of themselves, as opposed to the conventional expectations of society; Algernon and Jack are somewhat passive—thereby highlighting the cookie-cutter roles persons were supposed to assume in society. There is also a suggestion of sexuality in the women characters, as evidenced by their flirtatiousness. We are also reminded of Wollstonecraft’s views on education in the play. Lady Bracknell approves of ignorance, explaining that â€Å"The whole theory of modern education is radically unsound. Fortunately in England, at any rate, education produces no effect whatsoever. If it did, it would prove a serious danger to the upper classes, and probably lead to acts of violence†¦ † The upper class, of course, was interested in preserving the existing social structure, which allowed for unequal treatment and subjugation of the lower classes. . This focus on appearances translates to the oppression of those who cannot keep up appearances—that is, the lower classes. Such a focus is seen in Lady Bracknell’s attitude towards Jack, to whom she is kind until she discovers his origins, or when she becomes very king to Cecily when she discovers the Cecily is rich. All in all, the play touches on Wollstonecraft’s primary ideological concerns, and is easily considered a blatant satire of Victorian England society. The play is a vehicle of ideas for social change, much like Wollstonecraft’s works. She would have approved.